Chemical Sections (A - M)

Click a section for a listing of its class codes.

• A - Polymers and Plastics
• B - Pharmaceuticals
• C - Agricultural Chemicals
• D - Food, Detergents, Water Treatment and Biotechnology
• E - General Chemicals
• F - Textiles and Paper-Making
• G - Printing, Coating, Photographic
• H - Petroleum
• J - Chemical Engineering
• K - Nucleonics, Explosives and Protection
• L - Refractories, Ceramics, Cement and Electro(in)organics
• M - Metallurgy

Section A: Polymers and Plastics

A1

ADDITION AND NATURAL POLYMERS

A11

Polysaccharides; natural rubber; other natural polymers (only a restricted range of (modified) natural polymers are included. Thus starch would be excluded, but chemically modified starch included).

A12

Of di-and higher olefins; acetylenics; nitroso compounds.

A13

Of aromatic mono-olefins; including polystyrene.

A14

Of other substituted mono-olefins; including PVC, PTFE.

A17

Of unsubstituted aliphatic mono-olefins; including polyethylene.

A18

Addition polymers in general.

A2

CONDENSATION POLYMERS

A21

Epoxides; aminoplasts; phenoplasts.

A23

Polyamides; polyesters. (including polycarbonates, polyesteramides); alkyds; other unsaturated polymers.

A25

Polyurethanes; polyethers.

A26

Other condensation polymers including silicone polymers and polymides (mineral silicates and similar materials would not usually appear in Section A).

A28

Condensation polymers in general.

A3

A31

Preliminary processes.

A32

Polymer fabrication - such as moulding, extrusion, forming, laminating, spinning.

A35

Other processing and general - including vulcanisation, welding of plastics and adhesive processes. Testing.

A41

MONOMERS AND CONDENSANTS

These are also included in Section E.

A60

ADDITIVES AND COMPOUNDING AGENTS

If the usage is very restricted it may be classified under the individual polymer or process involved.

A8/9

APPLICATIONS

A81

Adhesives and binders - including chipboard.

A82

Coatings, impregnations, polishes - excluding textile finishing.

A83

Clothing, footwear.

A84

Household and office fittings - including carpets and carbon paper.

A85

Electrical applications.

A86

Fancy goods, games, sports, toys.

A87

Textile auxiliaries.

A88

Mechanical engineering and tools eg valves, gears and conveyor belts.

A89

Photographic, laboratory equipment, optical - including electrophotographic, thermographic uses.

A91

Ion-exchange resins, polyelectrolytes.

A92

Packaging and containers - including ropes and nets.

A93

Roads, building, construction flooring.

A94

Semi-finished materials - fibres, films, foams.

A95

Transport - including vehicle parts, tyres and armaments.

A96

Medical, dental, veterinary, cosmetic.

A97

Miscellaneous goods not specified elsewhere - including papermaking, gramophone records, detergents, food and oil well applications.

Section B: Pharmaceuticals

B01

Steroids - including systems containing carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic rings fused onto the basic steroidal ring structure.

B02

Fused ring heterocyclics.

B03

Other heterocyclics.

B04

Natural products and polymers. Including testing of body fluids (other than blood typing or cell counting), pharmaceuticals or veterinary compounds of unknown structure, testing of microorganisms for pathogenicity, testing of chemicals for mutagenicity or human toxicity and fermentative production of DNA or RNA. General compositions.

B05

Other organics - aromatics, aliphatic, organo-metallics, compounds whose substituents vary such that they would be classified in several of B01 - B05.

B06

Inorganics - including fluorides for toothpastes etc.

B07

General - tablets, dispensers, catheters (excluding drainage and angioplasty), encapsulation etc, but not systems for administration of blood or saline or IV feeding etc.

Section C: Agricultural Chemicals

C01

Organophosphorus; organometallic - ie compounds containing other than H, C, N, O, S and halogen.

C02

Heterocyclic.

C03

Other organic compounds, inorganic compounds and multi-component mixtures. Polymers and proteins.

C04

Fertilisers - including urea and phosphoric acid production. Also soil modifiers and plant growth media. Chemical aspects of compost production.

C05

Biological control - excluding veterinary medicine, but including use of microorganisms, predators and natural products.

C06

Biotechnology - including plant genetics and veterinary vaccines.

C07

Apparatus, formulation, general - including veterinary syringes, general formulations where the active compound is not central to the invention (for example, wettable powders) and analysis.

Section D: Food, Detergents, Water Treatment and Biotechnology

D1

FOOD AND FERMENTATION

D11

Baking - including bakery products, flour, doughs, bakery ovens, dough transporting and/or handling equipment, pies and pasta, but not flour milling (A21).

D12

Butchering, meat treatment, processing poultry or fish (A22).

D13

Other foodstuffs and treatment - including preservation of food, milk, milk products, butter substitutes, edible oils and fats, non-alcoholic beverages, artificial sweeteners, food additives and animal feed (A23B-L).

D14

General foodstuffs machinery - excluding machines which can be classified in D11-13 (A23N, P).

D15

Treating water, industrial waste and sewage - including purification, sterilising or testing water, scale prevention, treatment of sewage sludge, regeneration of active carbon which has been used for water treatment and impregnating water with gas eg CO2, but excluding marine anti-pollution devices and purification of water which will be recycled within an industrial process (C02).

D16

Fermentation industry - including fermentation equipment, brewing, yeast production, production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals by fermentation, microbiology, production of vaccines and antibodies, cell and tissue culture and genetic engineering.

D17

Sugar and starch industry (C07H, C13).

D18

Skins, hides, pelts, leather and chemical treatment of tobacco, but excluding drying, wetting, cutting or shaping tobacco (A24, C14).

D2

COSMETICS, DISINFECTANTS AND DETERGENTS

D21

Preparations for dental or toilet purposes - including filling alloys, compositions for dentures or dental impressions, anti-caries chewing gum, plaque disclosing compositions, toothpastes, cosmetics, shampoos, topical anti-sunburn compositions and toilet soaps (A61K).

D22

Sterilising, bandages, dressing and skin-protection agents - including sterilising agents (other than for food), sutures, plaster casts, bioactive prostheses, contact lenses, diapers, animal litter, timber preservatives, disinfectants, bactericidal detergents, deodorants, insect repellent compounds, moth proofers, sheep dip, insect attractants (where for cleaning air), flysprays and compositions for relieving insect bites and stings (A61L).

D23

Oils, fats and waxes - including fatty acids, candles, essential oils, but excluding butter (substitutes) and montan wax (C11B, C).

D24

Soap (limited to metal salts of fatty acids which are used for cleaning), solvent cleaners (C11D).

D25

Detergents - other than soap and used for cleaning (C11D).

Section E: General Chemicals

E1

GENERAL ORGANIC

E11

Containing P and/or Si.

E12

Organometallics - ie containing other than H, C, N, O, S, halogens, Si and P.

E13

Heterocyclics.

E14

Aromatics - ie containing at least one benzene ring.

E15

Alicyclics.

E16

Aliphatics - containing N and/or halogen.

E17

Other aliphatics.

E18

General hydrocarbon mixtures.

E19

Other organic compounds general - organic compounds of unknown or indefinite structure; general mixtures of many types; organic reactions (eg nitration, resolution) when applied generally.

E2

DYESTUFFS

E21

Azo - including diazonium compounds.

E22

Anthracene - including those containing more than 3 rings.

E23

Heterocyclic.

E24

Other dyes, all precursors.

E3

GENERAL INORGANIC

E31

Compounds of V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Pa, V and subsequent actinides.

E32

Compounds of Ti, Zr, Hf, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, In, Te, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi.

E33

Compounds of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, La, Ac, Al, lanthanides (Rare-earths), Th.

E34

Compounds of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.

E35

Ammonia, cyanogen and their compounds - including HCN and cyanamide, but not hydrazine.

E36

Non-metallic elements, semi-metals (Se, Te, B, Si) and their compounds (except for E35).

E37

Mixtures of many components; inorganic reactions and processes of general applicability.

Section F: Textiles and Paper-Making

F01

Threads and fibres - natural or artificial; spinning - including the production of mineral and carbon fibres (D01).

F02

Yarns - mechanical finishing of yarns or ropes; warping or beaming (D02, D07).

F03

Weaving - including finished products (D03).

F04

Braiding, knitting - including trimmings and non-woven fabrics (D04).

F05

Sewing, embroidering, tufting - including finished products (D05).

F06

Chemical-type treatment of textiles (D06B, L, M, P, Q).

F07

Other textile applications - including clothing design, accessories and fasteners (D06C, F, G, H, J, L, M).

F08

Flexible sheet materials - consisting of polymer-coated fibrous web, including end products not classified in other sections (D06N).

F09

Paper-making production of cellulose, chemical treatment of wood - including chipboard and fibre-board (D21).

Section G: Printing, Coating and Photographic

G01

Inorganic pigments and non-fibrous fillers (C09C).

G02

Inks, paints, polishes, polymer-based paints and inks are also classified in Section A (C09D, F, G).

G03

Adhesives - excluding dispensers. Polymeric adhesives are also classified in Section A (C09H, J).

G04

Miscellaneous compositions - including luminescent and tenebrescent materials, de-icing/ de-misting compositions, mastics, heat transfer compositions and arosol-can filling mixtures (C09H).

G05

Printing materials and processes (B41, M, N).

G06

Photosensitive compositions and bases; photographic processes - includes photo-resist coatings (G03C).

G07

Photo-mechanical production of printing surfaces (G03F).

G08

Electrography, electrophotography and magnetography (G03G).

Section H: Pretroleum

H01

Obtaining crude oil and natural gas - including exploration, drilling, well completion, production and treatment. General off-shore platform and drilling technology is included together with the treatment of tar sands and oil shales (C10G, E21B).

H02

Unit operations - including distillation, sorption and solvent extraction (C10G).

H03

Transportation and storage - only large scale systems are included. Road tankers and retail petrol station-type applications are excluded. Treatment of pollution from marine oil tankers is included.

H04

Petroleum processing - including treating, cracking, reforming, gasoline preparation - biosynthesis based on hydrocarbon feedstocks is included (C10G).

H05

Refinery engineering.

H06

Gaseous and liquid fuels - including pollution control. Chemical aspects of catalytic exhaust systems for cars are included as well as liquid or gaseous fuels of non-petroleum origin eg methanol or ethanol-based fuels. Combustion improvement additives for liquid fuels are included (C10L).

H07

Lubricants and lubrication - this excludes self-lubricating surfaces eg PTFE coated surfaces and lubrication systems in general. The section includes lubricants of non-petroleum origin eg silicone oils (C10M).

H08

Petroleum products, other than fuels and lubricants - this includes hydraulic fluids and electrical oils even when of non-petroleum origin (C10M).

H09

Fuel products not of petroleum origin - excluding coal handling, preparation or mining, but including coking, briquetting, peat processing synthesis, gas production, coal gasification. Combustion improvement additives for coal, peat and other non-hydrocarbon based fuels are included in this Section together with coal liquefaction and desulphurisation.

Section J: Chemical Engineering

J01

Separation - including evaporation, crystallisation, solvent extraction, chromatography, dialysis, osmosis including drying gases and/or vapours, and separation of solids from gases, liquids and other solids. Isotope separation, filter materials (including molecular sieves for separation), and centrifuges (except where used for analysis) (B01D, B03, B04, B07B).

J02

Mixing, crushing, spraying - including dispersing, pulverising, disintegrating, atomising and applying liquids other than paints to surfaces (B01F, B05B, C).

J03

Electrochemical processes and electrophoresis - including ozone production, brine electrolysis, water electrolysis, apparatus for the production of pure chemical compounds and non-metallic elements, but excluding batteries or other means of producing power and the treatment of metals (C25B).

J04

Chemical/physical processes/ apparatus - including catalysis, catalysts (including molecular sieves where approximate, but excluding specific eg enzymatic or polymerisation catalysts), colloid chemistry, laboratory apparatus and methods, testing, controlling, general encapsulation, detection and sampling (B01J, L).

J05

Boiling and boiling apparatus - including generation of steam unless for power plant (B01B).

J06

Storing or distributing gases or liquids - including gas holders, vessels for gases, decantation and vaporisation of gases, pipelines and pipe systems, but excluding those for hydrocarbon gases or liquids and laying of pipelines (F17).

J07

Refrigeration; ice; gas liquefaction/solidification - including machines, freezing of (semi)liquids, gas separation/ liquefaction by cooling or pressure, fractionation of air (F25).

J08

Heat transfer and drying - including steam and vapour condensers, direct/indirect heat exchangers, heat transfer apparatus, drying processes, but only where of general application (F26, F28).

J09

Furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts including furnace constructional details and accessories, but only where of general application (F27).

Section K: Nucleonics, Explosives and Protection

K01

Fire fighting, fire-extinguishing compositions - excluding fire engines, sprinkler systems, hose reels and protective clothing (A62D with K2).

K02

Protection against chemical warfare breathing apparatus - chemical aspects only (A62D with K1).

K03

Explosive charges; ammunition, fuses, blasting including only complete devices, except missile systems (F42).

K04

Explosives, matches - including detonators, chemical lighters, pyrophoric compositions, fire works, distress signals, chemical lasers, smoke generation, gas attack compositions, generation of gas for blasting or propulsion, but only their chemical aspects (C06).

K05

Nuclear reactors and simulators - including reactor processes, components and accessories, but excluding power plant (G21B, C).

K06

Nuclear power plant - including reprocessing used nuclear fuel (G21D).

K07

Health physics - including radiation protection (other than against sunlight), monitoring devices, decontamination, radioactive waste disposal and protective clothing (G21F).

K08

Nucleonics; X-ray techniques - including conversion of chemical elements, nuclear explosives and plasma techniques other than electron beam or plasma welding methods and apparatus and X- ray films (G01T, G21G, H, J, K, H05G, H).

Section L: Refractories, Ceramics, Cement and Electro (in)organics

L01

Glass - includes chemical compositions, batch treatment, furnaces, flat glass forming, hollow-ware forming, post-forming and glass/ceramics, but not lens designs, bottling, bottle-washing, closures for containers, glazing designs, glass cutting, chamfering edges, printing on glass, disposing of used glass or the production of pure sodium silicate. Chemical aspects of optical fibres (C03).

L02

Refractories, ceramics, cement - includes manufacturing methods, limes, soil preparation for (road) building, magnesias and slags, cements, mortars, concretes, abrasives, thermal or acoustic insulation (non)oxide ceramics and ceramic composites, but not brick making, concrete mixers or casting or potters' wheels (C04).

L03

Electro-(in)organic, chemical features of conductors, resistors, magnets, capacitors and switches, electric discharge lamps, semiconductor and other materials, batteries, accumulators and thermo-electric devices, including fuel cells, magnetic recording media, radiation emission devices, liquid crystals and basic electric elements. Growing of single crystals of semiconductors and their doping are included, but semiconductor devices, where the manufacture is not claimed are excluded. Electrography, electrophotography, magnetography, electrolysis, electrophoresis, power plant, X-ray and plasma-techniques, ion-exchange resins, polyelectrolytes, electroplating, metal electrodeposition, electroforming, anodising, electrolytic cleaning, cathodic protection and electrolytic or electrothermic production or refining of metals are all covered elsewhere (Sections G, J, K and M).

Section M: Metallurgy

M1

METAL FINISHING

M11

Electroplating; electrolytic treatment of or with metals - including electro-deposition of metals, electro-plating apparatus, electro-forming, electro-erosion, spark erosion, anodising (electrophoretically) coating metals and electrolytic cleaning and polishing (C25).

M12

Chemical cleaning and degreasing - including cleaning and pickling.

M13

Coating material with metals, diffusion processes, enamelling and vitreous coatings - including coating from liquid metal or solution, spraying, cementation, cathodic sputtering, enamelling and oil-free lubricant coatings, but not coatings for the production of semiconductors (C23C, D).

M14

Other chemical surface treatments - including etching, brightening, forming non-metallic layers, passivation, cathodic protection and corrosion inhibitors, but not processes specifically for semiconductor production (C23F, C25). This Section also covers multistage processes.

M2

METALS

M21

Mechanical working of metal without metal removal - including rolling sheet, wire, tube and profile production, extended surface tube, high energy rate forming, deep drawing, working sheet metal, rolled products, forging, hammering, pressing, where of sufficiently large scale to be of importance to the metallurgical industry (B21).

M22

Casting; powder metallurgy - including foundry moulding, moulding machines, patterns, moulds, cores and metal casting (B22).

M23

Soldering; welding - including brazing, flame cutting and scarfing, cutting and welding rods, soldering and unsoldering apparatus and solder compositions (B23K).

M24

Metallurgy of iron and steel - including manufacture and processing, treatment of steel melts and changing the physical properties of iron and steel, control/testing methods, blast furnaces and converters. Metallurgical coking processes (C21, C10B).

M25

Production and refining of metals other than iron - including ore treatment, extraction, working up scrap, obtaining specific metals, control testing methods (C22B).

M26

Non-ferrous alloys - including alloy production and composition (C22C).

M27

Ferrous alloys - including alloy production and composition (C22C).

M28

Electrolytic and electrothermic production and refining of non-ferrous metals - excluding heat treatment (C25).

M29

Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals and alloys - including tempering, annealing, work-hardening and recrystallising (C22F).

Engineering Sections (P - Q)

Click a section for a listing of its class codes.

• P - General

• P1 - Agriculture, Food, Tobacco (A01 (except A01N), A24)
• P2 - Personal, Domestic (A41-A47)
• P3 - Health, Amusement (A61-A63, excluding A61K)
• P4 - Separating, Mixing (B02-B09)
• P5 - Shaping Metal (B21-B23)
• P6 - Shaping Non-metal (B24-B28)
• P7 - Pressing, Printing (B30- B32, B41-B44)
• P8 - Optics, Photography; General (G02, G03, G09, G10)

• Q - Mechanical

• Q1 - Vehicles in General (B60)
• Q2 - Special Vehicles (B61-B64)
• Q3 - Conveying, Packaging, Storing (B65-B68)
• Q4 - Buildings, Construction (E)
• Q5 - Engines, Pumps (F01-F15)
• Q6 - Engineering Elements (F16-17)
• Q7 - Lighting, Heating (F21-F28, F41-F42)

Section P: General

P1

AGRICULTURE, FOOD, TOBACCO

P11

Soil working, planting (A01B, C).

P12

Harvesting (A01D, F).

P13

Plant culture, dairy products (A01G, H, J).

P14

Animal care (A01K, L, M).

P15

Tobacco (A24).

P2

PERSONAL, DOMESTIC

P21

Wearing apparel (A41, 2).

P22

Footwear (A43).

P23

Haberdashery, jewellery (A44).

P24

Hand, travelling articles, brushes (A45, 6).

P25

Office furniture (A47B).

P26

Chairs, sofas, beds (A47C, D).

P27

Shop, household, furnishings (A47F, G, H).

P28

Kitchen, sanitary equipment (A47J, K, L).

P3

HEALTH, AMUSEMENT

P31

Diagnosis, surgery (A61B).

P32

Dentistry, bandages, veterinary, prosthesis (A61C, D, F).

P33

Medical aids, oral administration (A61G, H, J).

P34

Sterilising, syringes, electrotherapy (A61L, M, N).

P35

Life-saving, fire-fighting (A62).

P36

Sports, games, toys (A63).

P4

SEPARATING, MIXING

P41

Crushing: centrifuging, separating solids (B02, 3, 4).

P42

Spraying, atomising (B05).

P43

Sorting, cleaning, waste disposal (B06, 7, 8, 9).

P5

SHAPING METAL

P51

Rolling, drawing, extruding (B21B, C).

P52

Metal punching, working, forging (B21D-L).

P53

Metal casting, powder metallurgy (B22).

P54

Metal milling, machining, electroworking (23B-H).

P55

Soldering, welding metal (B23K).

P56

Machine tools (B23P,Q).

P6

SHAPING NON-METAL

P61

Grinding, polishing (B24).

P62

Hand tools, cutting (B25, 6).

P63

Working, preserving wood (B27).

P64

Working cement, clay, stone (B28).

P7

P71

Presses (B30).

P72

Working paper (B31).

P73

Layered products (B32).

P74

Printing: lining machines (B41B - G).

P75

Typewriters, stamps, duplicators (B41J-N).

P76

Books, special printed matter (B42).

P77

Writing, drawing appliances (B43).

P78

Decorative art (B44).

P8

OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, GENERAL

P81

Optics (G02).

P82

Photographic apparatus (G03B).

P83

Photographic processes, compositions (G03C).

P84

Other photographic (G03D-H).

P85

Education, cryptography, adverts. (G09).

P86

Musical instruments, acoustics (G10).

Section Q: Mechanical

Q1

VEHICLES IN GENERAL

Q11

Wheels, tyres, connections (B60B-F).

Q12

Suspension, heating, doors, screens (B60G-J).

Q13

Transmissions, controls (B60K).

Q14

Electric propulsion, seating (B60L-N).

Q15

Transporting special loads (B60P).

Q16

Vehicle lighting, signalling (B60Q).

Q17

Vehicle parts, fittings, servicing (B60R,S).

Q18

Brake-control systems (B60T).

Q19

Air-cushion vehicles (B60V).

Q2

SPECIAL VEHICLES

Q21

Railways (B61).

Q22

Hand, motor vehicles (B62B-D).

Q23

Cycles B62H-M).

Q24

Ships (B63).

Q25

Aircraft, aviation, cosmonautics (B64).

Q3

CONVEYING, PACKAGING, STORING

Q31

Packaging, labelling (B65B, C).

Q32

Containers (B65D01-37).

Q33

Closures (B65D39-55).

Q34

Packaging elements, types (B65D57-91).

Q35

Refuse collection, conveyors (B65F, G).

Q36

Handling thin materials (B65H).

Q37

Container traffic (pre-1984 only) (B65H).

Q38

Hoisting, lifting, hauling (B66).

Q39

Liquid, handling, saddlery, upholstery (B67, 8).

Q4

BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION

Q41

Road, rail, bridge construction (E01).

Q42

Hydraulic engineering, sewerage (E02, 3).

Q43

General building constructions (E04B).

Q44

Structural elements (E04C).

Q45

Roofing, stairs, floors (E04D, F).

Q46

Building aids, special structures (E04G, H).

Q47

Locks, window and door fittings (E05).

Q48

Blinds, shutters, ladders, doors (E06).

Q49

Mining (E21).

Q5

ENGINES, PUMPS

Q51

Machines, engines in general (F01).

Q52

Combustion engines, gas turbines (F02B-G).

Q53

Jet engines, fuel supply (F02K, M).

Q54

Starting, ignition (F02N, P).

Q55

Machines, engines for liquids (F03).

Q56

Pumps (F04).

Q57

Fluid-pressure actuators (F15).

Q6

ENGINEERING ELEMENTS

Q61

Securing machine parts together (F16B).

Q62

Shafts, bearings (F16C).

Q63

Couplings, clutches, brakes, springs (F16D, F).

Q64

Belts, chains, gearing (F16G, H).

Q65

Pistons, cylinders, packing (F16J).

Q66

Valves, taps cocks (F16K).

Q67

Pipes, joints, fittings (F16L).

Q68

Other engineering elements (F16M-T).

Q69

Storing/distributing gas/liquid (F17).

Q7

LIGHTING, HEATING

Q71

Lighting (F21).

Q72

Steam generation (F22).

Q73

Combustion equipment/processes (F23).

Q74

Heating, ranges, ventilating (F24).

Q75

Refrigeration, liquefaction (F25).

Q76

Drying (F26).

Q77

Furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts (F27).

Q78

Heat exchange in general (F28).

Q79

Weapons, ammunition, blasting (F41-2).

Electrical & Electronic Sections (S - X)

Click a section for a listing of its class codes.

• S - Instrumentation, Measuring and Testing
• T - Computing and Control
• U - Semiconductors and Electronic Circuitry
• V - Electronic Components
• W - Communications
• X - Electric Power Engineering

Section S: Instrumentation, Measuring and Testing

S01

Electrical Instruments (G01R, G12B) Measuring magnetic and electrical variables. Instrument panels, housings, indicating elements, screening, suspensions, damping. Cooling arrangements.

S02

Engineering Instrumentation (G01B-H, L, M, P) Measuring dimensions, weight, flow rate, mechanical vibrations, force, acceleration, etc. Recording equipment. General testing methods.

S03

Scientific Instrumentation (G01J, K, N, T-W) Photometry, calorimetry. Thermometers. Meteorology, geophysics, measurement of nuclear or X-radiation. Investigating chemical or physical properties.

S04

Clocks and Timers (G04B-G) Electronic and mechanical clocks and watches. Time switches. Time-interval measuring.

S05

Electrical Medical Equipment (A61, A61N) Electrotherapy. Electrosurgical apparatus. Blood cell counters. Electrical diagnostic apparatus. Tomography. Veterinary apparatus.

S06

Electrophotography and Photography (G03, G03G) Cameras, film projectors and processing (electrical aspects only). Electrography, xerography. Rotary press printers (electrical aspects only).

Section T: Computing and Control

T01

Digital Computers (G06C-F) Electronic data processors, interfaces and programme control. Mechanical digital computers.

T02

Analogue and Hybrid Computers (G06G, J) Function evaluators, equation solvers, simulators.

T03

Data Recording (G11B) Analogue and digital recording on tape, disc etc, using for example, magnetic, optical, magneto-optical, capacitive methods.

T04

Computer Peripheral Equipment (G06K) Card and tape punches and readers. Magnetic, optical and smart cards. Serial and line printers. VDUs, character and graphics generators. Pattern recognition, magnetic ink recognition, bar coders. COM equipment.

T05

Counting, Checking, Vending, ATM and POS Systems (G06M, G07B-G) Counting systems. Ticket issuing, registering and franking apparatus. Attendance registering apparatus. Coin and paper currency handling. Point-of-sale equipment. Electronic funds transfer.

T06

Process and Machine Control (G05B, D) General control systems. Control of non-electrical variables eg. temporal flow. Control system applications eg. machine tools, lifts.

T07

Traffic Control Systems (G08G) Traffic light systems, flow control. Electronic indicators.

Section U: Semiconductors and Electronic Circuitry

U11

Semiconductor Materials and Processes (C30B, H01L) Materials, substrate and layer processing, packages and mountings, assembly, testing, and handling aspects of all semiconductor devices, included in U12, U13, U14. Aspects of manufacture specific to devices such as LEDs, lasers, solar cells and especially thick film and hybrid circuits are covered in U12 and U14.

U12

Discrete Devices (H01L) Individual semiconductor devices, as either discrete components or specific parts of integrated circuit. Examples are LEDs, including LED arrays, semiconductor lasers, photovoltaic cells and arrays, discrete photodetectors, semiconductor transducers, diodes, capacitors, bipolar transistors, thyristors, unipolar transistors eg. FET, HEMT, and quantum interference devices. Also, defines specific application of inventions in U11.

U13

Integrated Circuits (H01L) Integrated circuit structures eg, CMOS, BICMOS, optoelectronic IC, wafer scale integration. Analogue circuits. Digital circuits, especially with matrix arrays eg. memory, programmable logic and gate arrays. Solid state image sensors eg. CCD. Not used for routinely integrated circuitry eg. logic gates, or for IC application which do not claim actual IC novelty.

U14

Memories, Film and Hybrid Circuits (G11C, H01L) Digital memories including magnetic, optical, semiconductor, ferroelectric analog memories. Testing of memories. Thermoelectric devices. Superconductive materials and devices. Thin film arrays and layers. Thick film and hybrid circuits including multilayer ceramic wiring boards. Electroluminescent light sources. Passive displays, especially liquid crystal display.

U21

Logic Circuits, Electronic Switching and Coding (H03K, M) Basic logic circuits, eg AND-gates. A/D and D/A conversion. Delta modulation, coding, code conversion, error detection and correction. Pulse counters, frequency conversion. Electronic switching circuits.

U22

Pulse Generation and Manipulation (H03K, L) Rectangular wave oscillators, pulse generators, (astable, bistable, etc). Pulse shapers. Digital waveform synthesizers. PAM, PPM, PFM, PDM (modulation and demodulation aspects). Digital filters. DSP.

U23

Oscillation and Modulation (H03B-D, H03L) Oscillators, mixers. Amplitude and angle (de)modulation. Frequency and phase comparators. PLLs.

U24

Amplifiers and Low Power Supplies (H03F, H03G, G05F, H02M) DC, LF and HF amplifiers, parametric, magnetic, dielectric amplifiers. Gain control. Volume compression or expansion. Limiters. Voltage and current stabilisation, power supplies, converters, inverters, rectifiers. Low power protection.

U25

Impedance Networks and Tuning (H03H, H03J) Tone or bandwidth control. Impedance converters. Analogue filters (active and passive). Voltage dividers, attenuators, impedance matching, baluns. Tuning circuits. AFC.

Section V: Electronic Components

V01

Resistors and Capacitors (H01C, G) Low power fixed and variable devices. Thermistors. VDRs. Electrolytic and non-electrolytic capacitors.

V02

Inductors and Transformers (H01F) Low power inductive components. Communication type inductive components. (Electro)magnets.

V03

Switches, Relays (H01H) Low power switches and relays. Thermally or magnetically operated switches.

V04

Printed Circuits and Connectors (H01R, H05K) PCBs and their manufacture. Low power connectors. Electronic apparatus, housings and constructional details. RFI/EMI screening. General circuit manufacture.

V05

Valves, Discharge Tubes and CRTs (H01J, H05G) Vacuum tubes, klystrons, TWTs, magnetrons, CRTs, camera tubes, X-ray tubes and operating circuits. Photoelectric discharge tubes. Gas filled tubes. Gas discharge displays.

V06

Electromechanical Transducers and Small Machines (H04R, H03H, H02K) Audio-communication - and measurement type transducers. Electromechanical resonators. Small electric machines and their controllers.

V07

Fibre-optics and Light Control (G02B, F) Light guides. Connectors, couplers, mode selectors, polarisers. Switching, gating, modulating etc.

V08

Lasers and Masers (H01S) Laser and maser devices. Pumping and mode locking circuitry.

Section W: Communications

W01

Telephone and Data Transmission Systems (H04L, M, Q) Error detection and correction. Code conversion. Synchronising. Secret data communication. Data networks (LAN, WAN, etc). ISDN. Baseband and broadband data transmission. Exchanges, call metering, test equipment, equipment racks. Subscriber equipment, cordless and cellular phones. Telephone line and cable installation.

W02

Broadcasting, Radio and Line Transmission Systems (H01P, Q, H04, H04K) Aerials, waveguides, resonators and other distributed constant components. Transmitters, transceivers, transponders. Communication receivers. Line transmission systems. Radio systems, including diversity, relay, mobile (including cellular). Optical and ultrasonic wave transmission systems. Spread Spectrum communication. Secret communication, jamming. Facsimile. TV systems, including colour, stereoscopic, cable, subscription, satellite and high definition. Stereophonic broadcast systems.

W03

TV and Broadcast Radio Receivers (H04) AM/FM/SW radio receivers, car radios. TV receivers. Teletext, high definition, satellite, stereophonic. Remote control. Audio amplifiers. AV systems and interconnection.

W04

Audio/Video Recording and Systems (G10H, G11B, H04N) Loudspeaker enclosures, cross-over networks. Audio disc recording and reproducing equipment. Audio magnetic tape recording and reproduction. Sound mixers. Electrical musical instruments. Video cameras, camera recorders, electronic still-picture cameras. Studio equipment eg video mixers, special effect apparatus. Projection TV. Video tape and disc recording and reproduction. Video games, karaoke. Electronic educational apparatus. Sports equipment. Speech coding, analysis and synthesis. Antiphase sound cancelling.

W05

Alarms, Signalling, Telemetry and Telecontrol (G08B, C) Burglar and fire alarms. Personal calling arrangements. Paging systems. Signal transmission systems. Home bus systems, vehicle remote control bus systems. Advertising arrangements (electrical aspects).

W06

Aviation, Marine and Radar Systems (G01S) Radar, sonar and lidar. Velocity and depth measuring equipment. Airport control systems. Ship and aircraft control and instrumentation. Flight simulators. Space vehicles, including satellites.

W07

Electrical Military Equipment and Weapons (F41) Target indicating systems. Sighting devices. Missile direction control. Military training equipment. Arming and safety devices.

Section X: Electric Power Engineering

X11

Power Generation and High Power Machines (H02K, N) Conventional power generating prime movers. Dynamo-electric machines. MHD generators.

X12

Power Distribution/Components/Converters (H01B, H01T, H02G, H02J, H02M) High power AC, DC and HVDC distribution/control. Power and communication cables. Superconducting cables, coils and magnets. Installing power cables and lines. Power transformers, reactors. Spark gaps and circuits. Insulators. High power connectors. Power converters. Conductive, superconductive and insulating materials.

X13

Switchgear, Protection, Electric Drives (H02B, H02H, H02P) Electric machines and static power converters. Controllers. Switchboards, switchyards, switchgear. Power system protection. Circuit protectors, circuit breakers, fuses.

X14

Nuclear Power Generation (G21, H05H) Nuclear reactor processes, components and power plants. Control mechanisms. Plasma techniques. Particle accelerators.

X15

Non-Fossil Fuel Power Generating Systems (F03D, F24J) Geothermal, wind, wave and solar energy, types of power generation.

X16

Electrochemical Storage (H01M) Primary, secondary and fuel cells and batteries. Battery chargers. Non-electrochemical storage of electric energy.

X21

Electric Vehicles (B60L) Electric cars, trolley buses. Propulsion, braking. Power supply lines, current collectors. Traction batteries. Control equipment.

X22

Automotive Electrics (F02P) Vehicle accessories. Vehicle lighting. IC engine ignition. IC engine controllers. Batteries and charging. Starting motors, and generators. Engine and vehicle instrumentation. Non-engine related controllers eg. transmissions, brakes.

X23

Electric Railways and Signalling (B61) Propulsion, power and distribution, signalling, control.

X24

Electric Welding (B23K) Electric soldering. Arc, induction, electron beam, resistance, laser beam and HF welding. Electroerosion.

X25

Industrial Electric Equipment (H05B, F27) Electric furnaces and kilns. Resistance, induction, electric discharge and EM field heating. Electrostatic spraying and cleaning. Vibrating apparatus. Electrolytic processes. Electro-refining metals. Electrically powered tools. Industrial drying equipment. Ore separating magnets. Magnetic work holders. Lifting magnets. Sewing machines. Industrial components eg. pumps, fans.

X26

Lighting (F21, H01J, H01K) Discharge, incandescent and electric arc lamps. Operating and control equipment. Light fittings Portable lighting devices. Stage lighting equipment.

X27

Domestic Electric Appliances (A47, F24) Washing machines, dryers, irons. Vacuum cleaners. Electric cookers, microwave ovens. Kitchen equipment. Refrigerators. Water heaters. Space heating and air conditioning equipment. Personal and hygiene electrical appliances.